General Biology II — Evolution & Ecology

A comprehensive, exam-ready guide to second-semester Gen-eral Biology, covering natural selection and evidence for evolution, mechanisms of evolutionary change (drift, gene flow, mutation), the Hardy-Weinberg principle, spe-ciation, levels of ecological organization, population growth models, species inter-actions, trophic levels and energy flow, and biogeochemical cycles. Includes fully worked problems (a Hardy-Weinberg allele-frequency calculation, species-interaction classification, an energy-flow calculation), comparison tables clarifying commonly confused concepts, a 19-term glossary, and 18 original practice questions with de-tailed explanations. Ideal for biology majors and pre-med students building a strong conceptual foundation in evolution and ecology.